The following lists specific damaging actions commonly taken in wetlands.ĭumping: dumping fill material buries hydric soils and effectively lowers the water table so hydrophytic (water loving) plants cannot compete with upland plants.ĭredging: the removal of material from a wetland or river bed. The epa also list the following as major human causes of wetland loss: logging, runoff, air and water pollution, introducing nonnative species. Mining: historic mining has had a major impact on wetlands of the clark fork basin, particularly along the upper river where mine wastes have been deposited in the floodplain, creating the country’s largest superfund site. for this reason many wetlands have been drained and converted to agricultural lands. click on rwrp's web site for a discussion of these strategies.Īgriculture: wetlands often have fairly flat areas of rich organic soil that is highly productive agricultural land if drained. there are many grazing strategies that discourage cattle from using wetlands. wetlands offer some of the best forage for livestock as well as a water source and cover, so livestock tends to spend a disproportionately large time in wetlands. Grazing: overgrazing harms wetlands through soil compaction, removal of vegetation, and stream bank destabilization. see montana department of transportation's off-site wetland mitigation reserves map. wetland loss caused by roads is mitigated through the restoration of other impacted wetlands although the replacement wetlands are not always of the same type and quality as those lost. these wetlands can attract wildlife dangerously close to roads. such roads often create long, low-quality wetlands upslope of the road by interrupting surface and groundwater flows. the roads and railroads also affect drainage from uplands onto the floodplains, and many are built on top of areas that once were wetlands. this destabilizes the river which has less room to meander and therefore has an excess of energy. these structures squeeze rivers and streams by narrowing the floodplain. Road building: most river valleys have roads and/or railroads. floodplain development sometimes indirectly impacts riparian wetlands through the installation of artificial stream stabilizing devices like rip-rap and bulk-heads that attempt to stop the natural meandering process which creates new wetlands and replenishes existing ones. Published in 1997ĭevelopment: floodplain development often directly impacts wetlands by removing vegetation (increasing bank erosion), and filling or draining wetlands for building sites. Journal: Child Abuse Review, Volume Six (6). Title: Street Children in Nairobi and the African Cultural Ideology of Kin-Based Support System Change and Challenge. Although there is no question that polygyny was widely practised in Kenya, particularly among the rich and famous, much of the literature on the subject tends to emphasize its advantages, such as cooperation between co-wives, especially with regard to sharing child-rearing and other responsibilities, and to de-emphasize some of the problems and other dynamics associated with the practice. A more critical look at the traditional family system in Africa reveals a wide range of family relationships, marital forms and the potential for instability and child abuse. Part of the obligation of the extended family system was to assist those who were in need (p. Among the Luo of Western Kenya, for example, if a parent died, the surviving members of the extended family were often close at hand to ensure that the children and other dependants were cared and provided for. In keeping with the African cultural tradition, close relatives were expected to take the initial responsibility to provide needy children and other poor members of the family with food, clothing, shelter, health care and education. EXTRACTS/SOURCES* Traditional African family life depended to a great extent on kinship relationships and support networks across extended family lines. Your reference list should be in the APA format. At the end of your essay, generate a reference list using the sources provided. Underline the topic sentence of each body paragraph. Your essay should demonstrate your understanding of citation practices. Use the information provided in the extracts to write a synthesis essay of between 10 words on extended family and social support system in Africa.
The extracts contain information about the extended family and social support system in Africa. SECTION B: WRITING FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES (30 MARKS) The following are extracts from various types of academic text. Your summary should be devoid of excessive lifting of words from the passages.
Write a composite summary of the extracts in section B in a paragraph of about TEN sentences.